Este artículo propone un recorrido por la naturaleza del mito, sus propiedades distintivas y, de manera particular, los requisitos del mito escatológico. Se establece su relación intrínseca con la tragedia, como campo de expresión de la gravedad de lo humano. La correlación entre el misterio y el drama, dada en el cruce del tiempo y la atemporalidad, se ejemplifica en las obras de Sófocles, con el fin de desembocar en el tratamiento particular de Edipo en Colono (1992) y la presentación (...) de un esbozo de su escatología, previa a la exposición platónica. (shrink)

The work of Sophocles shows the human suffering which might be caused by evil without the presence of guilt. Within the historic confrontation of the Athenian political stage, the presentation of the tragic conflict opposes the illustrated omnipotence: to present that what is divine as incomprehensible is one of the traditional features of Sophocles’ work and his announcement of anti-modernity. “Not-understanding” is the banner of silence when faced with the limit of natural reason. As a response to sophist thought, which (...) replaced the divine paradigm, the preponderance of the gods in the work of Sophocles might be seen as an affirmation. What is characteristic of the traditional restoration proposed by Sophocles is not only the appearance of the Gods in his works, but the particular way in which they reveal themselves. Knowing that what is divine is not characteristic of men because it is not a feature of the former to be understood to a lesser degree than that of its own nature. That is exactly the stage where the struggle between the reality of knowing and the relative appearance of knowing occurs. Bearing this interpretative intention in mind, the aim of the paper is to highlight the way in which evil reveals itself in Oedipus the King, as a device chosen by the gods to trigger the unfolding of the nature of the hero. (shrink)

Partimos de la consideración de los saberes de las humanidades, y de la con-secuente formación humanística, para observar su injerencia y justificación en los resultados culturales, según la narrativa de Thomas Mann. Con el marco de la situación histórica del autor y dentro de la confrontación entre el burgués y el artista, analizamos el diagnóstico del autor sobre la época capitalista y su agotamiento; nos detenemos en la idea de evolución-transición operada por el arte, en particular por la música, como (...) lenguaje para renovar la tradición. La descripción de las formas ficcionales se realiza a través del aparente contraste de Doktor Faustus entre el narrador testigo, Serenus Zeitblom, y el protagonista, Adrián Leverkuhn, que revela la unidad de visión. Las conclusiones refieren a la dudosa energía de los saberes de las humanidades, y a la complicidad de sus mutaciones, bajo paradigma de racionalidad instrumental, para favorecer la crisis del individuo occidental. (shrink)

The objective of this article was to address the Augustinian call to philosophical life. In discussion with academic skepticism, Saint Augustine exhorts his friend Romanian to search for wisdom and, for this, to also dismiss distrust and excessive confidence in reason, since he argues both against the skeptical position, or despair of finding the truth, and dogmatism or the assurance of having definitely found the truth. In fact, Saint Augustine points out the difficulty of taking knowledge for granted and, therefore, (...) does not rule out skepticism, but rather incorporates it as the initial phase of knowing and as an antidote to the naivety of giving absolute scope to the human faculty of human knowing. In the perspective of this balance, Saint Augustine exhorts Romanian to finish deciding to lead a philosophical life. To travel this path, in continuity with his Neoplatonic readings, he considers beauty as a guide: spiritual beauty is accessed by passing through the cosmic; the contemplating soul, insofar as it corresponds to what is contemplated, can thus reach the ascending path of its own transformation. The method of accessing the texts is philological, that is, it seeks at the same time to decipher the letter of the philosophical plot and to establish a contextual understanding of it. A method of this nature is inseparable from the conceptual framework; indeed, the formation of a philosophical knowledge, which tries to find the limits of the understanding of revelation, puts the person in tension of perfection, that is, it guides them towards their own transcendence. (shrink)

Resumen: Entre el pensamiento de José Gaos y el de Eduardo Nicol se cierne una diferencia sustancial en torno al concepto de la filosofía. Para el primero, ésta es una suerte de confesión personal; mientras que para Nicol la filosofía debe ser producto de una hazaña dialógica y el conocimiento tiene que ser objetivo.: José Gaos’s and Eduardo Nicol’s concepts of philosophy differ substantially. For the former, philosophy is a sort of personal confession, whereas for the later it must be (...) the outcome of dialogical achievement, and as for knowledge, this has to be objective. (shrink)

Ofrecemos una lectura de Un hogar sólido de Elena Garro en relación con los postulados de la tragedia griega, en particular las nociones de destino, culpa y conocimiento, para resaltar la posición femenina que presenta la autora a través de la cual cuestiona las convenciones de su época. Primero presentamos la idiosincrasia de los personajes para resaltar la materia trágica que aporta la protagonista de la pieza y fundamentar su carácter de heroína. En la circunstancia existencial de las mujeres se (...) plantea la oposición del destino y la libertad, aunque la búsqueda de la autonomía será el camino de la afirmación de la identidad. La autora confronta a la protagonista con la determinación del destino, expone su decisión y verifica su caída; en las diferencias propuestas entre la tragedia griega y la tragedia mexicana, se critican las estructuras socioculturales y los estereotipos de género. Elena Garro confirma el papel político del teatro y la misión del héroe en la comunidad. (shrink)

Resumen: De las muchas posibilidades de lectura de Antígona de Sófocles destacamos la naturaleza del conflicto trágico, que tiene sus raíces en valores anteriores al orden social establecido y que puede considerarse material útil para una refundación del estatuto político en la posmodernidad. A partir del comentario de texto señalamos que Antígona no atenta contra el orden social, sino que espera consolidarlo en un fundamento imperturbable; que encarna la crítica de la racionalidad instrumental, inaugurada por la sofística y reavivada sucesivamente (...) en la modernidad; que afirma existencialmente una ética del amor fraterno como humanización del orden del universo. Proponemos ampliar la noción de hermano consanguíneo y extenderla a la idea de hermano como “el otro” en el marco de las sociedades posmodernas, espacios de intención multicultural, para tener un principio de rescate ético. En esta re-lectura se actualizan las nociones arcaicas de religiosidad, honra fúnebre y piedad familiar.: Of the many possible readings of Sophocles' Antigone, we highlight the nature of the tragic conflict, which has its roots in previous values to the established social order, and which can be considered useful material for re-founding the political status in postmodernity. From the text commentary, we note that Antigone does not attack the social order, but she hopes to consolidate it on an imperturbable basis that embodies the critique of instrumental rationality, inaugurated by sophistry and revived successively in modernity. This affirms existentially the ethics of fraternal love as a humanization of the order of the universe. We propose to extend the notion of consanguineous brother and extend it to the idea of brother as “the other” in the framework of postmodern societies, spaces of multicultural intention, to have a principle of ethical rescue. In this re-reading, the archaic notions of religiosity, funeral honor, and family piety are updated. (shrink)

In this article we establish that in mythical thought there is, as a natural quality, an expression of universality. Following Cassirer’s Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, we show that through the expressive function of myth it is possible to develop an expressive way of thinking or a pre-logical type of knowledge. We then propose an interpretation of Oedipus at Colonus in order to show that it offers a plausible resource to relate the individual and the community, and that the framework in (...) this tragedy works as a complex sign and symbolic path to delineate a form of expressive relationship through which it is possible to propose the unification of the individual with the community. (shrink)

The literature has recognised the fundamental role of teaching business ethics to students earning business administration degrees, but it is hard to find a methodology for teaching this topic successfully. We propose a new management tool—evidence-based administration—for the study of business ethics. The method developed on the basis of this management tool provides a practical vision to the students, motivates them, and favours the development of multiple facets of their education.

In recent decades, psychological research on the effects of mindfulness-based interventions has greatly developed and demonstrated a range of beneficial outcomes in a variety of populations and contexts. Yet, the question of how to foster subjective well-being and happiness remains open. Here, we assessed the effectiveness of an integrated mental training program The Art of Happiness on psychological well-being in a general population. The mental training program was designed to help practitioners develop new ways to nurture their own happiness. This (...) was achieved by seven modules aimed at cultivating positive cognition strategies and behaviors using both formal and informal practices. The program was conducted over a period of 9 months, also comprising two retreats, one in the middle and one at the end of the course. By using a set of established psychometric tools, we assessed the effects of such a mental training program on several psychological well-being dimensions, taking into account both the longitudinal effects of the course and the short-term effects arising from the intensive retreat experiences. The results showed that several psychological well-being measures gradually increased within participants from the beginning to the end of the course. This was especially true for life satisfaction, self-awareness, and emotional regulation, highlighting both short-term and longitudinal effects of the program. In conclusion, these findings suggest the potential of the mental training program, such as The Art of Happiness, for psychological well-being. (shrink)

O presente artigo procura extrair a contribuição para o Ensino de Ciências das reflexões e discussões sobre o conceito de mente. O texto evidencia como os processos mentais podem contribuir para se pensar uma epistemologia do Ensino de Ciências. Ao fazer a articulação entre os processos mentais discutido, avalia-se a possibilidade de uma Didática centrada nos processos cognitivos que ultrapassam formas tradicionais de pensar as Ciências da Educação. Conclui que o conceito de mente é insuficiente para sustentar uma epistemologia do (...) ensino, mas desenha um modelo de conhecimento que supera os limites da pedagogia construtivista.En este artículo se tratará de extraer la contribución a la enseñanza de la ciencia de las reflexiones y debates sobre el concepto de la mente. El texto muestra cómo los procesos mentales pueden ser útiles para pensar en una epistemología de la Enseñanza de las Ciencias. Al hacer el vínculo entre los procesos mentales se traten, evaluar la posibilidad de un plan de estudios se centró en los procesos cognitivos que van más allá de las formas tradicionales de pensar en Ciencias de la Educación. Concluye que el concepto de la mente es insuficiente para sostener una epistemología de la enseñanza, si bien hace un modelo de conocimiento que supera las limitaciones de la pedagogía constructivista. (shrink)

Alternative Fakten sind in der Politik nicht neu. Verfechter der Staatsräson betrachteten die Lüge seit jeher als legitimes Mittel des Machterhalts. Für ›Tatsachen‹ begannen Wissenschaft und Presse sich erst später – und mit unterschiedlich ausgeprägter Neugier – zu interessieren. Inzwischen kehrt sich gegen beide ein gezielt gesätes Misstrauen. Der Beitrag geht dem Kalkül hinter den Lügen und Wahrheitszweifeln in der aktuellen Politik nach und versucht die Frage zu beantworten, wo darin die Staatsvernunft weiter regiert und wo nicht. Alternative facts are (...) by no means a new phenomenon in politics. Guardians of public policy have always considered lies an appropriate means by which to conserve power. It was only much later that science and the press became interested in ›facts‹ – and they did so with quite different concepts of inquisitiveness. In the meantime both have acquired a mistrust which has been purposefully plantedand carefully cultivated. This article investigates the scheming behind the lies and doubts of truth in the current political landscape and tries to answer the question in which cases alternative facts can still be considered a means of reason of state and in which cases they cannot. (shrink)

Alternative facts are by no means a new phenomenon in politics. Guardians of public policy have always considered lies an appropriate means by which to conserve power. It was only much later that science and the press became interested in ›facts‹ – and they did so with quite different concepts of inquisitiveness. In the meantime both have acquired a mistrust which has been purposefully plantedand carefully cultivated. This article investigates the scheming behind the lies and doubts of truth in the (...) current political landscape and tries to answer the question in which cases alternative facts can still be considered a means of reason of state and in which cases they canno. (shrink)

The literature has recognised the fundamental role of teaching business ethics to students earning business administration degrees, but it is hard to find a methodology for teaching this topic successfully. We propose a new management tool—evidence-based administration—for the study of business ethics. The method developed on the basis of this management tool provides a practical vision to the students, motivates them, and favours the development of multiple facets of their education.

The literature has recognised the fundamental role of teaching business ethics to students earning business administration degrees, but it is hard to find a methodology for teaching this topic successfully. We propose a new management tool—evidence-based administration—for the study of business ethics. The method developed on the basis of this management tool provides a practical vision to the students, motivates them, and favours the development of multiple facets of their education.

In human groups performing oscillatory tasks, it has been observed that the frequency of participants' oscillations reduces when compared to that acquired in solo. This experimental observation is not captured by the standard Kuramoto oscillators, often employed to model human synchronization. In this work, we aim at capturing this observed phenomenon by proposing three alternative modifications of the standard Kuramoto model that are based on three different biologically-relevant hypotheses underlying group synchronization. The three models are tuned, validated and compared against (...) experiments on a group synchronization task, which is a multi-agent extension of the so-called mirror game. (shrink)

Con objeto de establecer las bases de un castigo penal justo, H.L.A. Hart propone una visión alternativa a las versiones tradicionales. El planteamiento de Hart muestra que los enfoques principales no han superado problemas de incuestionable importancia: la justificación moral del castigo penal y su aplicación justa. En este sentido, el trabajo de Hart se sitúa entre el consecuencialismo y el retribucionismo. De esta manera, si un castigo está justificado debe tener buenas consecuencias para la sociedad castigando sólo a quien (...) lo merece. Finalmente, la propuesta de Hart conectará con su concepción del Derecho dando a los individuos las capacidades de guiar su propia vida con previsión, confianza, seguridad y libertad. In order to establish the basis of a fair criminal punishment, H.L.A. Hart proposes an alternative view to the traditional versions. Hart’s approach shows that the main approaches have not overcome problems of unquestionable importance: the moral justification of criminal punishment and its fair application. In this sense, Hart’s work is between consequentialism and retributivism. In this way if a punishment is to be justified must have good consequences on society punishing only those who deserve it. Finally, Hart’s approach will connect with his own conception of law giving individuals the capacities to guide their own life with foresight, confidence, security and freedom. (shrink)

O objetivo deste texto é apresentar duas possíveis interpretações relativas ao que é revelado pelo argumento do cogito apresentado nas Meditações de Descartes, mostrando que, se aceitarmos a tese wittgensteiniana relativa ao sentido das expressões linguísticas, então será necessário concluir que ambas as interpretações envolvem pelo menos uma dificuldade cuja solução não é possível de ser dada no interior de uma filosofia da consciência.

Présentation:L’année 2015 marque le dixième anniversaire de la mort de Raymond Klibansky, philosophe et historien des idées canadien. La revueDialoguelui rend hommage en publiant le texte qui suit de Mme Ethel Groffier, veuve de Raymond Klibansky et chercheure émérite au Centre de recherche Paul-André Crépeau en droit privé et comparé de l’Université McGill. Dans cette intervention, Mme Groffier rappelle l’importance de l’engagement dans la vie et l’œuvre de ce remarquable philosophe.Né en France au mois d’octobre 1905 dans une famille (...) allemande, éduqué en Allemagne à partir de la Première guerre, exilé en Angleterre en 1933, Raymond Klibansky s’installa à Montréal dès 1946, à l’invitation de l’Université McGill. Sa carrière académique au Canada et à l’étranger fut admirable et reconnue par de nombreux hommages. Il laisse derrière lui une œuvre imposante, tant en philosophie qu’en histoire des idées modernes; parmi ces idées, il s’attacha particulièrement à la tolérance et à la liberté, qui inspirèrent toute sa vie.Luc LangloisPresentation:The year 2015 marked the 10thanniversary of Raymond Klibansky’s death. As a tribute to this prominent Canadian philosopher and historian of ideas,Dialogueis proud to publish the following intervention by Ethel Groffier, Raymond Klibansky’s widow and Emeritus scholar at McGill University’s Paul-André Crépeau Centre for Private and Comparative Law. Groffier reminds us of the importance of engagement—understood in the strong, philosophical sense—in this philosopher’s life and works.Born in France in October 1905 to a German family, raised in Germany from World War I to 1933, and then forced to move to the United Kingdom, Klibansky settled in Montreal in 1946 following an invitation from McGill University. His academic career in Canada and abroad is admirable and has been acclaimed on numerous occasions. He left behind an impressive body of work in philosophy and in the history of modern ideas; among these ideas, freedom and tolerance inspired his entire life.Luc Langlois. (shrink)

A coletânea apresenta, sob a forma de artigos, problemas e soluções associados ao conceito e substância ao longo da história da filosofia. Sem pretender exaurir esse percurso, a coletânea contém 29 artigos redigidos por diversos especialistas brasileiros em Filosofia. Sua proposta é oferecer uma visão clara, acessível, precisa e atualizada desse recorte da história do conceito de filosofia, na expectativa de contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento do ensino e debate de filosofia no país. -/- The anthology presents, through a series of (...) articles, the intricacies of problems and solutions intertwined with the concept of substance across the annals of philosophical history. While not seeking to comprehensively cover this vast terrain, the collection comprises 29 articles penned by a diverse array of Brazilian specialists in Philosophy. Its overarching aim is to furnish a lucid, accessible, precise, and contemporaneous perspective on this facet of philosophical inquiry, with the aspiration of enriching the landscape of philosophical education and discourse in Brazil. (shrink)

This paper examines the various theories of intergenerational justice and its implications in the practical context of pension systems. In this context the sustainability of the system appears to be compromised by demographic projections. This fact has an unquestionable relevance for the future of this very important public service and the intergenerational commitment that this implies. In this sense if a pension system wants to be fair it has to look in three directions: pensioners, workers and future generations. So, a (...) liberal-egalitarian theory becomes necessary to share the risks of demographic and financial shocks between different generations and to reduce inequality as much as possible. (shrink)

Los historiadores y científicos sociales que han estudiado el nacionalismo en las últimas décadas han dejado bien establecido que la existencia de naciones no es un hecho natural ni un rasgo constante en la historia humana, sino un fenómeno reciente y, en cierto modo, artificial, promovido por elites culturales que persiguen objetivos políticos. Lo cual de ningún modo quiere decir que tal actividad sea ilegítima, ni tampoco que la construcción ofrecida bajo el nombre de "nación" sea completamente caprichosa y pueda (...) tener éxito sin relación con rasgos culturales preexistentes. En el caso español, es indiscutible que existía una cierta identidad cultural previa a la era de las naciones. En el mundo antiguo y en el medieval se hablaba de "Hispania", aunque éste fuera un concepto no político, sino meramente geográfico, y por supuesto no coincidiera con la actual España, pues hacía referencia a toda la Península incluida Portugal. (shrink)

O objetivo do artigo é examinar o argumento cartesiano em favor da distinção corpo/alma à luz da tese, também cartesiana, da união corpo/alma no homem. A hipótese a ser defendida é a de que a prova da distinção real entre corpo e alma envolve um conceito de substância segundo o qual um atributo principal não pode coexistir com outro numa mesma substância. Mais ainda, será sustentado que interpretando assim o argumento em favor da distinção é possível admitir que Descartes ao (...) provar a união entre essas duas substâncias distintas não abandona nem enfraquece sua tese dualista. (shrink)

Meu objetivo nesse artigo é o de reconstruir a primeira prova da existência de Deus e a prova do mundo externo como estas são apresentadas por Descartes nas Meditações Metafísicas tendo como fim examinar o modelo de causalidade nelas envolvido. Pretendo mostrar que embora Descartes, nas duas provas, ao recorrer ao princípio de causalidade, expressamente mencione um único e mesmo modelo de causalidade, a saber, o modelo segundo o qual a causa transmite sua essência ou parte dela a seu efeito, (...) para se evitar um embaraço para a prova da existência do mundo externo, devemos admitir que de fato são dois modelos distintos de causalidade que estão envolvidos nas duas provas. (shrink)

Neste artigo, pretendo examinar a tese cartesiana da livre criação das verdades eternas a partir da conjugação dos atributos divinos que, segundo Descartes, são conhecidos por nós e sua tese de que, entre as verdades eternas livremente criadas por Deus, estão incluídos os princípios lógicos. A partir desse exame, concluo que, até onde o intelecto finito do homem pode conceber, a tese cartesiana da livre criação das verdades eternas envolve ao menos as seguintes teses: a) Deus, por ser infinito e (...) puro pensamento em ato, estabelece necessariamente em si todas as essências e verdades, incluindo essências e verdades que para o intelecto finito parecem impossíveis, já que lhe aparecem como contraditórias; b) ao estabelecer as essências e verdades, Deus instancia algumas (e assim as cria) como conteúdos de ideias inatas nas mentes finitas, que são criadas com estrutura lógica; c) ao estabelecer as essências e verdades, Deus instancia no mundo atual ao menos algumas das essências e verdades não contraditórias instanciadas nas mentes finitas; e d) embora a mente humana finita não as possa conceber clara e distintamente, é certo que Deus instancia no mundo atual ao menos algumas das essências e verdades que aparecem como contraditórias, isto é, instancia no mundo atual ao menos algumas das essências e verdades que para a mente finita aparecem como impossíveis por serem por ela inconcebíveis, o que é confirmado por ao menos dois casos mencionados por Descartes. In this article I intend to examine the Cartesian view on the free creation of the eternal truths considering the conjunction of the divine attributes, which according to the Cartesian thesis, are known to us and his thesis that logical principles are among the eternal truths freely created by God. From this examination I conclude that, as far as the finite intellect of man can conceive, the Cartesian view of the free creation of the eternal truths involves at least the following theses: a) being pure and infinite thinking in action, God necessarily sets in himself all the form of essence and truth, including all essence and truth that for, the finite intellect, seem impossible since they may appear to him as contradictory; b) while establishing all essence and truth, God instantiates some of them (and thus creates some of them) as contents of innate ideas in finite minds, which are created with a logical structure; c) while establishing all essence and truth God instantiates in the actual world at least some of the non-contradictory essences which are instantiated in the finite mind; and d) although the finite human mind cannot conceive it clearly and distinctly, it is certain that God instantiates in the actual world at least some of essence and truth that seem to be contradictory for the human mind, that is, God instantiates at least some of the essences and truths which appear to the finite mind as impossible since inconceivable, which is confirmed by at least two cases mentioned by Descartes. (shrink)

No presente artigo pretendo examinar a função do conceito de idéia inata no contexto da argumentação cartesiana da V Meditação das Meditações Metafísicas. Minha hipótese é a de que se trata de um conceito fundamental para garantir a distinção entre idéias de essências forjadas pelo pensamento de idéias de essências verdadeiras e imutáveis. Com essa análise pretendo mostrar que a V Meditação, bem como todas as outras tem um caráter fundamentalmente epistemológico: Descartes ali pretende apresentar os critérios para o reconhecimento (...) das idéias que representam essências verdadeiras o que permite dissipar a possível objeção de que a idéia de Deus como Perfeição, utilizada na III Meditação para provar sua existência, poderia ser uma idéia fictícia. (shrink)

In this article we follow the reception made by Augustine of Hippo of the Manichean myth; in this we see his visceral reaction against the doctrine of Mani, since –in addition to the apologetic elements properly– there is a clear attempt to take psychological distance from a religious experience that marked it in depth, in every way. In this controversial context we can also discern central aspects of a text that had liturgical value and which, as such, was of capital (...) importance to the Manichaean communities. This Augustinian reading has as horizon the near collapse of the Roman Empire of the West and the ever-increasing confrontation of Constantinople with Persian Empire, the mobility of its borders and the partly political and partly religious persecutions that Manichaeism underwent. (shrink)

The purpose of the article is to show that the foundations of a dualistic theology of Christian roots are found in the point of connection between platonic metaphysics, gnostic myths and exegesis. It highlights the way in which platonic metaphysics was developed in a completely different way than what is known as “Metaphysics of Exodus”. It considers that myth ─as an expressive vehicle of religious experience and having a polyvalent logic─ was a decisive element for the transmission of gnostic tradition. (...) Thus, the article concentrates on the gnostic understanding of “The Prologue of John”, which focuses on the Christological function of Jesus, bearing in mind the difficulties involved in the indifference with which this tradition dealt with Incarnation. The tools for the exegesis are taken from Hellenic tradition as a form to clarify the gnostic intuition concerning the stages of the propagation of the divine, both before and after the Fall. (shrink)

La reflexión de Friederich Schleiermacher sobre la universidad se centra en las dificultades que observa para superar el estancamiento de la educación alemana a principios del siglo XIX y establece, en ella, dos niveles: por un lado, la excesiva burocratización de la vida universitaria, que le quita lo que tiene precisamente de vital y, por otro, desde la perspectiva propiamente del profesor, la imposibilidad de cultivar el talento de los alumnos mediante clases farragosas, en las que se repite lo que (...) ya está escrito y en las que la memoria es la única medida del conocimiento. La mayoría de los profesores se encuentran en esta situación porque los conocimientos se perciben de manera fragmentaria y, por lo tanto, se transmiten sin el contenido de su unidad profunda. La Facultad de Filosofía tiene el cometido de construir el camino hacia la unidad de conocimiento y fundamentar el sentido profundo de la vida universitaria. Por ello, los cimientos de la universidad moderna descansan sobre el profesor que investiga y transmite en sus clases el pathos de aquella tarea; también descansan sobre el alumno, a quien hay que ayudar a comprender la dimensión de su talento y desde allí, emprender la tarea de la auto-educación. (shrink)

La presencia de Platón y del pensamiento platónico se ha mantenido de manera incesante a lo largo de la historia de la cultura. En esta historia, el siglo XX refleja el rechazo y la aceptación, la recepción, en suma, de un modo inusitado tal vez porque, durante este siglo, la humanidad se vio cara a cara con los infiernos que supo crear: un mundo en ruinas hacía imposible intuir la perfecta quietud de las Formas. La recepción de Platón en el (...) siglo XX bucea en la recepción de Platón en aquel mundo contradictorio: ¿cómo se integra su pensamiento fundacionalmente metafísico con la deconstrucción de la metafísica? ¿Cuáles son los alcances de la crítica que la teoría política hace, desde la época de los totalitarismos, al autor de la República? ¿Qué valor cognoscitivo y pedagógico puede tener en mito platónico para filósofos cristianos que se ocupan del pensamiento platónico? ¿Cómo recibe la poesía hispanoamericana su voz de demiurgo? Estas preguntas, de las que se ofrecen diversas respuestas en este libro, son tratadas con rigor académico y confrontadas doblemente con las fuentes: en primer término, con Platón y luego con quienes son estudiados en el presente volumen, aunque desde ángulos muy diversos: M. Heidegger, H. G. Gadamer, K. Popper, E. Cassirer, L. Marechal. La seguridad del tratamiento metodológico y lingüístico que se refleja en esta obra hace que sea altamente recomendable para alumnos de grado y de posgrado en Filosofía, Teoría Política, Literatura y Humanidades en general. (shrink)

Aristotle, Master Eckhart, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, and Kant are among the authors exegetically challenged in this collection of fifteen investigations on classical philosophical themes (rational justification, theory of judgment, analysis of duty and moral principles, doctrine of the subject, freedom, substance and property, necessity and contingency, existence and causality). The choice of the logical geography of these themes relies on the conviction that philosophical understanding and historical inquiry are intrinsically connected.

Nascido há mais de 2.500 anos, na Índia, o budismo se apresenta como uma das cinco grandes religiões mundiais, tendo mais de 506 milhões de adeptos. Ao redor do mundo, diversas pesquisas vêm sendo desenvolvidas para conhecer tanto a religião quanto a filosofia budista, mas em termos de Brasil, isso ainda é um assunto pouco abordado.

Em harmonia com sua tese acerca do conhecimento de um modo geral, Tomás de Aquino sustenta que o conhecimento que o intelecto tem de si é também dependente dos sentidos. Segundo Tomás, há pelo menos dois modos de o intelecto se conhecer (ambos em virtude do ato do intelecto de conhecer): o conhecimento singular da existência do intelecto e o conhecimento universal da natureza do intelecto, isto é, o conhecimento de seus princípios de operações, ambos dependentes, ainda que de modo (...) remoto, das percepções sensíveis. Apresento uma leitura da Segunda Meditação segundo a qual Descartes inicia seu projeto de recusa do modelo tomista-aristotélico de conhecimento. Ele demonstra não só a incorporeidade do todo da alma mas, mais ainda, demonstra que embora o conhecimento da existência e o da natureza do intelecto consistam no conhecimento de suas operações fundamentais — a saber, conceber, julgar e inferir — esse conhecimento não tem origem em qualquer impressão sensível. Ao contrário: ele é prioritário a estas e se dá mesmo à revelia do que é dado por elas. (shrink)

O objetivo desse artigo é examinar o conceito de falsidade material das idéias introduzido por Descartes na Terceira Meditação das Meditações Metafísicas. A hipótese a ser defendida é a de que o que determina a falsidade material das idéias é o fato destas envolverem uma contradição em seu conteúdo representativo. Isto é, no lugar da interpretação tradicional segundo a qual o que caracteriza as idéias materialmente falsas é o fato destas envolvem um erro categorial ao exibirem modos da alma como (...) se fossem modos da extensão , será argumentado que o que caracteriza certas idéias como materialmente falsas é o fato delas pretenderem exibir algo que ao mesmo tempo é um modo da alma e um modo da extensão , isto é, algo que é modo de duas substâncias distintas que, por conseguinte, se excluem, engendrando assim uma contradição. (shrink)

Nesse artigo pretendo examinar em que consiste a prova da união corpo e alma apresentada na Sexta Meditação de Descartes mostrando que essa prova envolve dois momentos distintos: no primeiro momento Descartes examina em que sentido pode-se dizer que se conhece que um certo tipo de corpo está unido a mim ; e no segundo momento Descartes examina em que sentido pode-se afirmar que se conhece que essa união de um certo tipo de corpo com esse eu precisamente falando até (...) esse momento, é uma união substancial. (shrink)